Next time you are washing your hands and complain because the water
temperature isn't just how you like it, think about how things used to be...
Here are some facts about the 1500s:
Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May
and still smelled pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell,
so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Baths
consisted of a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the
privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the
women and finally the children-last of all the babies. By then the water was
so dirty you could actually lose someone in it-hence the saying, "Don't
throw the baby out with the bath water,"
Houses had thatched roofs-thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath.
It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the dogs, cats and
other small animals (mice rats, and bugs) lived in the roof. When it rained
it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the
roof-hence the saying "It's raining cats and dogs,"
There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a
real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess
up your
nice clean bed. Hence, a bed with big posts and a sheet hung over the top
afforded some protection. That's how canopy beds came into existence.
The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt, hence the
saying "dirt poor." The wealthy had slate floors that would get slippery in
the winter when wet, so they spread thresh on the floor to help keep their
footing. As the winter wore
on, they kept adding more thresh until when you opened the door it would all
start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed in the entry way-hence, a
"thresh
hold,"
They cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always hung over the fire.
Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They ate mostly
vegetables and did not get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner,
leaving leftovers in the pot to
get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes the stew
had food in it that had been there for quite a while-hence the rhyme, "peas
porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old,"
Sometimes they could obtain pork, which made them feel quite special. When
visitors came over, they would hang up their bacon to show off. It was a
sign of wealth that a man "could bring home the bacon," They would cut off
a little
to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat,"
Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content
caused some of the lead to leach onto the food, causing lead poisoning and
death. This
happened most often with tomatoes, so for the next 400 years or so, tomatoes
were considered poisonous.
Most people did not have pewter plates, but had trenchers, a piece of wood
with the middle scooped out like a bowl. Often trenchers were made from
stale paysan bread which was so old and hard that they could use them for
quite some time. Trenchers were never washed and a lot of times worms and
mold got into the wood and old bread. After eating off wormy moldy
trenchers, one would get "trench mouth,"
Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the
loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or "upper crust,"
Lead cups were used to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would some
times knock them out for a
couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and
prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple
of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and
see if they would wake up-hence the custom of holding a "wake,"
England is old and small and they started out running out of places to bury
people. So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a
"bone-house" and
reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were
found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been
burying people
alive. So they thought they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse,
lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell.
Someone
would have to sit out in the graveyard all night (the "graveyard shift") to
listen for the bell; thus, someone could be "saved by the bell" or was
considered a "dead ringer."
Linda Scott Hendrick, Ph.D.
Associate Research Educationalist
Principal Investigator
RIMS Beginning Teacher Support and Assessment Program
UC Riverside